{"id":8774,"date":"2025-12-12T16:05:43","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T15:05:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/?page_id=8774"},"modified":"2026-06-19T18:52:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-19T16:52:06","slug":"subdural-hematoma-treatment-icu-prognosis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/subdural-hematoma-treatment-icu-prognosis\/","title":{"rendered":"Subdural Hematoma (SDH) \u2014 Treatment, ICU Care, and Prognosis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div style=\"line-height:1.35; margin:0 0 18px 0;\">\n  <div>\n    <span style=\"font-weight:600;\">Author:<\/span>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/cv-en\/\" style=\"color:#004a80; font-weight:600; text-decoration:none;\" onmouseover=\"this.style.textDecoration='underline';\" onmouseout=\"this.style.textDecoration='none';\">\n       Dr. Zeljko Kojadinovic, MD, PhD\n    <\/a>\n    \u2014 Neurosurgeon and Pain Management Specialist\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div>\n    <span style=\"font-weight:600;\">Specialized Experience:<\/span>\n    30 years of clinical expertise in neurosurgery and neurocritical care.\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div>\n    <span style=\"font-weight:600;\">Last medically reviewed:<\/span>\n    June 06, 2026\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#fff7cc; border:1px solid #ffe08a; padding:12px; border-radius:8px; margin:16px 0;\">\n  <div style=\"font-weight:700; color:#5a4b00; font-size:16px; margin-bottom:6px;\">\n    <h3 id=\"who-this-sdh-page-is-for\">Who This SDH Page Is For<\/h3>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <p style=\"margin:0; color:#3b2f00; line-height:1.5;\">\n    This SDH (subdural hematoma) resource is designed for two groups: \n    family members of patients with acute subdural hematoma in the ICU (who may be on a ventilator or remain unconscious after surgery), \n    and patients recovering after a subdural hematoma, whether treated surgically or conservatively.\n    <br><br>\n    We explain what SDH means on CT, when surgery is needed, what \u201cnot waking up\u201d may mean after surgery, \n    how ICU teams manage brain swelling and intracranial pressure (ICP), \n    and what patients and families can realistically expect during the first 72 hours.\n    <br><br>\n    If the information feels overwhelming, or if you have questions about the current treatment strategy and prognosis, you can contact us to see how we provide an individualized\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/second-opinion-in-neurosurgery-trusted-insight\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:#005c99; text-decoration:underline;\">\n      neurosurgery second opinion\n    <\/a>\n    for your specific case.\n    <br><br>\n    It is a truth acknowledged in most neurotrauma guideline: standard protocols and algorithms can never replace an experienced neurosurgeon\u2019s individualized assessment.\n  <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #d6d6d6; border-radius: 12px; padding: 16px; margin: 18px 0 10px; background: #f7f7f7;\">\n  <div style=\"font-weight: 700; margin-bottom: 10px;\">\n    When families usually seek a neurosurgical second opinion\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 8px 18px; font-size: 0.98em; line-height: 1.45;\">\n    <div>\u2022 The patient is not waking as expected<\/div>\n    <div>\u2022 Explanations from doctors feel unclear or inconsistent<\/div>\n    <div>\u2022 Families must decide about surgery or ICU treatment<\/div>\n    <div>\u2022 There are many important questions that remain unanswered<\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"margin-top: 10px; font-size: 0.98em; line-height: 1.45;\">\n    In complex brain injuries, this is a normal and responsible step.\n    If this reflects your situation, you can request an individualized neurosurgical review here:\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/subdural-hematoma-treatment-icu-prognosis\/#request-sdh-second-opinion\" style=\"font-weight: 700; text-decoration: underline;\">Request Second Opinion<\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#f4faff; border:1px solid #cce5ff; padding:14px 16px; border-radius:12px; margin:18px 0; box-shadow:0 10px 22px rgba(0,60,120,0.06);\">\n  <h3 id=\"sdh-quick-summary\" style=\"margin:0 0 10px 0; color:#003a66; font-size:18px;\">\n    Subdural Hematoma (SDH) \u2014 Quick Summary (Read This First)\n  <\/h3>\n\n  <ul style=\"margin:0; padding-left:18px; color:#0f172a; line-height:1.55;\">\n    <li><strong>Subdural hematoma (SDH) is bleeding between the dura (brain\u2019s protective lining) and the brain surface.<\/strong> It most often results from tearing of bridging veins (small veins that connect the brain to its outer lining) during acceleration\u2013deceleration and rotational forces such as falls, car accidents, or assaults.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>The main danger is brain compression and swelling.<\/strong> SDH can cause midline shift, rising intracranial pressure, and brainstem compression, especially when combined with contusions or diffuse brain edema.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>SDH is frequently accompanied by other brain injuries.<\/strong> Brain contusions, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), traumatic SAH, and brain swelling commonly coexist, and prognosis is usually driven by the <em>combined injury pattern<\/em>, not the subdural hematoma alone.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>Not waking up after SDH surgery is common.<\/strong> Persistent coma often reflects associated brain injury (especially DAI), ongoing swelling, sedation effects, or systemic complications rather than failure of surgery.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>The main treatment is surgery when SDH is compressive, plus ICU care.<\/strong> Surgery relieves pressure, while ICU care focuses on preventing secondary brain injury through oxygenation, blood pressure control, seizure prevention, and monitoring for rising <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/intracranial-pressure-icp-explained\/\" title=\"Intracranial pressure (ICP) explained\">ICP<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>Decompressive craniectomy may be required in severe cases.<\/strong> When brain swelling is extensive or ICP remains uncontrolled, part of the skull may be left off to allow the brain to swell outward rather than compress the brainstem.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>Early neurological changes are often slow and non-linear.<\/strong> Lack of early improvement in the first 48\u201372 hours does not automatically predict poor outcome, especially when sedation and swelling are still evolving.<\/li>\n\n    <li><strong>Use the Contents box<\/strong> to jump to the section you need (CT findings, surgery indications, ICU care\/ICP, first 72 hours, delayed awakening, prognosis).<\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<p style=\"margin:8px 0 0 0; color:#334155; font-size:14px; line-height:1.5;\">\n  Most families only need the Quick Summary + the <strong>First 72 Hours<\/strong> section. Everything else is for deeper understanding.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<style>\n\/* === SDH TOC \u2013 BLUE COLLAPSIBLE BOX === *\/\n.ptns-toc-simple {\n    max-width: 420px;\n    margin: 0 0 26px 0;\n    font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, \"Segoe UI\", Roboto, Arial, sans-serif;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple .card {\n    background: #f4faff;\n    border: 1px solid #cce5ff;\n    border-radius: 12px;\n    padding: 14px;\n    box-shadow: 0 10px 22px rgba(0, 60, 120, 0.08);\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple summary {\n    list-style: none;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    gap: 12px;\n    padding: 0;\n    margin: 0 0 10px 0;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple summary::-webkit-details-marker {\n    display: none;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple .title {\n    font-weight: 800;\n    font-size: 22px;\n    color: #003a66;\n    margin: 0;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple summary::after {\n    content: \"\u25b8 Show\";\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: #005c99;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(0, 92, 153, 0.25);\n    padding: 6px 10px;\n    border-radius: 6px;\n    font-size: 13px;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple details[open] summary::after {\n    content: \"\u25be Hide\";\n}\n\n.ptns-toc-simple ul {\n    margin: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    list-style: none;\n}\n\n.ptns-toc-simple li {\n    position: relative;\n    padding-left: 26px;\n    margin: 9px 0;\n    line-height: 1.25;\n    font-size: 16px;\n}\n\n.ptns-toc-simple li::before {\n    content: \"\";\n    width: 7px;\n    height: 7px;\n    border-radius: 50%;\n    background: #005c99;\n    position: absolute;\n    left: 8px;\n    top: 9px;\n}\n\n.ptns-toc-simple .sub-item {\n    padding-left: 44px;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple .sub-item::before {\n    left: 26px;\n}\n\n.ptns-toc-simple a {\n    color: #003a66;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    font-weight: 700;\n}\n.ptns-toc-simple a:hover {\n    text-decoration: underline;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 991px) {\n    .ptns-toc-simple {\n        max-width: 100%;\n    }\n    .ptns-toc-simple li {\n        font-size: 15px;\n    }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"ptns-toc-simple\" aria-label=\"Table of contents\">\n  <div class=\"card\">\n    <details>\n      <summary>\n        <h3 class=\"title\">Contents<\/h3>\n      <\/summary>\n\n      <ul>\n        <li><a href=\"#who-this-sdh-page-is-for\">Who This Page Is For<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#sdh-quick-summary\">Quick Summary<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#what-is\">What Is SDH?<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#additional-lesions\">Associated Injuries<\/a><\/li>\n        <li><a href=\"#ac-vs-chr\">Acute vs Chronic SDH<\/a><\/li>\n\n                <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#clinical-assessment-\">Clinical Assessment<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#diagnosis\">Diagnosis Strategy<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#diagnosis-ct\">CT Scan<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#diagnosis-mri\">MRI Role<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#diagnosis-followup\">Follow-Up Imaging<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#how-severe\">How Severe?<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#how-severe-gcs\">GCS Severity<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#how-severe-pupils\">Pupils &#038; Brainstem<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;font-weight:800;\">\n          <a href=\"#surgery\">Surgery Indications<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#surgery-options\">Surgical Options<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#surgery-options-craniotomy\">Craniotomy<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#surgery-options-dc\">Decompressive Surgery<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#surgery-options-icp-evd\">ICP \/ EVD<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#why-still-comatose\">Why Not Waking?<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#icp\">ICP &#038; Swelling<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#first-72h\">First 72 Hours<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#first-72h-day1\">Day 0\u20131<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#first-72h-day2\">Day 1\u20132<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#first-72h-day3\">Day 2\u20133<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#systemic-complications\">ICU Complications<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#prognosis-early\">Early Prognosis<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#prognosis-early-stepwise\">Recovery Pattern<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#prgnosis-longterm\">Long-Term Outcome<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li class=\"sub-item\">\n          <a href=\"#levels-recovery\">Recovery Levels<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;\">\n          <a href=\"#olders\">Older Patients<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;font-weight:800;\">\n          <a href=\"#legal\">Medico-Legal<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;font-weight:800;\">\n          <a href=\"#glossary\">Glossary<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"#redflags\">Emergency Red Flags<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"#faq-sdh\">SDH FAQs<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li style=\"margin-top:15px;font-weight:800;\">\n          <a href=\"#request-sdh-second-opinion\">Request Consultation<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"#additional\">Additional Resources<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/details>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<style>\nh2, h3 {\n  scroll-margin-top: 110px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"what-is\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Is a Subdural Hematoma (SDH)?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>subdural hematoma<\/strong> is a collection of blood <strong>between the dura mater (the brain\u2019s tough protective covering) and the brain surface<\/strong>. The bleeding most often comes from <strong>tearing of bridging veins<\/strong>, especially during acceleration\u2013deceleration injuries (falls, car crashes). Sometimes small cortical arteries contribute as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key clinical problem is not \u201cblood itself\u201d \u2014 it is <strong>pressure<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>SDH can <strong>compress the brain<\/strong>, causing<a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/mass-effect-midline-shift-brain-herniation-explained\/\"> <strong>midline shift<\/strong><\/a> and brainstem compression.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>SDH is frequently accompanied by <strong>brain bruising (<a href=\"\/en\/brain-contusions-treatment-icu-prognosis\/\">contusions<\/a>)<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/diffuse-axonal-injury-dai-icu-care-diagnosis-prognosis\/\">DAI<\/a> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/brain-edema-explained\/\">brain swelling<\/a><\/strong>, which can further raise intracranial pressure and worsen prognosis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Presentation of subdural hematoma (SDH) and other types of lesions that may co-occur within Traumatic brain injury (TBI).\" class=\"wp-image-8376\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4992793575987737;width:582px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/SAH.jpg 1696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Image: Presentation of subdural hematoma (SDH) and other types of lesions that may co-occur within Traumatic brain injury (TBI).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"489\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Brain-anatomy-Lobes.jpg\" alt=\"Main parts of the brain: the four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), the cerebellum, and the brainstem.\" class=\"wp-image-8272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Brain-anatomy-Lobes.jpg 489w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Brain-anatomy-Lobes-300x217.jpg 300w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Brain-anatomy-Lobes-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 489px) 100vw, 489px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Image: Main parts of the brain: the four lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), the cerebellum, and the brainstem.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mechanism of Injury and External Signs<\/strong><br>Acute SDH is most commonly associated with <strong>acceleration\u2013deceleration forces<\/strong> (motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults). Rarely, SDH may arise from impact-dominant mechanisms resembling <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/epidural-hematoma-treatment-icu-prognosis\/\">EDH<\/a>. These cases may show a short lucid interval and a relatively more favorable course compared with SDH caused by rotational or inertial forces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"additional-lesions\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">SDH Often Comes With Other Lesions (What Changes Prognosis)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An SDH is frequently not \u201cisolated.\u201d Prognosis often depends on what comes with it, such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"\/en\/brain-contusions-treatment-icu-prognosis\/\">Brain contusions<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(which can worsen over 48\u201372 hours)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/diffuse-axonal-injury-dai-icu-care-diagnosis-prognosis\/\">Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)<\/a><\/strong>&nbsp;(a common reason for prolonged coma)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Intraparenchymal hematoma (traumatic ICH)<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Diffuse brain edema<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Skull fractures<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)<\/strong>&nbsp;and possible hydrocephalus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In some patients, SDH may also coexist with an epidural hematoma <strong>(EDH),<\/strong> reflecting a more complex injury mechanism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These traumatic lesions are covered on the <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/traumatic-brain-injuries-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis\/\">Traumatic Brain Injury page.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"ac-vs-chr\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acute vs Chronic SDH (Key Differences Families Should Know)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Acute Subdural Hematoma (ASDH)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Happens <strong>immediately after trauma<\/strong> (hours to days).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Blood is usually <strong>clotted<\/strong> and spreads over a larger area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often linked to <strong>more severe trauma<\/strong> and <strong>additional brain damage<\/strong> (contusions, DAI, edema).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can cause rapid deterioration and often requires urgent surgery.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/chronic-subdural-hematoma-symptoms-and-treatment\/\">Chronic Subdural Hematoma <\/a>(CSDH)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Develops <strong>over days to weeks<\/strong>, often after minor or forgotten trauma.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Common in <strong>older adults<\/strong>, people with <strong>brain atrophy<\/strong>, and patients on <strong>anticoagulants\/antiplatelets<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The collection becomes <strong>liquefied<\/strong> inside a capsule and slowly enlarges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Symptoms are often subtle at first: headache, confusion, imbalance, mild weakness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Treatment is often simpler (burr holes with drainage) and prognosis is usually better than severe ASDH.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"clinical-assessment-\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical Assessment of the Patient With Subdural Hematoma (SDH)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The initial clinical assessment in patients with suspected subdural hematoma (SDH) is a time-critical step performed before CT imaging, in both conscious and unconscious patients. Its goal is to assess the level of consciousness, detect signs of brain compression or herniation, stabilize vital functions, and determine the urgency of imaging and neurosurgical treatment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The patient is examined for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>scalp lacerations or bruising,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>skull deformities suggesting fracture,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>bleeding or clear fluid leakage from the nose or ears (possible CSF leak),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>signs of previous head trauma in chronic SDH.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even subtle external findings can indicate a high-energy mechanism and raise suspicion for associated deep brain injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In SDH, clinical findings must always be interpreted together with imaging, because the patient\u2019s neurological status may reflect <strong>mass effect, sedation, alcohol or medication effects, systemic instability, or deep brain injury<\/strong> \u2014 not just the size of the hematoma itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"clinical-assessment-stabilization\"><strong>Systemic Stabilization and Associated Injuries<\/strong><br>Before neurological findings can be reliably interpreted, <strong>basic life functions must be stabilized<\/strong>. Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) and hypotension (low blood pressure) significantly worsen secondary brain injury and are independent predictors of poor outcome in SDH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The medical team rapidly evaluates and manages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>airway and breathing (often requiring intubation),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>circulation and blood pressure,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>possible injuries to the cervical spine, chest, abdomen, and long bones.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many severe SDH cases, neurological assessment evolves over time as systemic instability is corrected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"clinical-assessment-gcs\"><strong>Level of Consciousness \u2014 Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<\/strong><br>The <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/gcs-glasgow-coma-scale-explained\/\">Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<\/a> remains the standard tool for assessing consciousness in SDH patients. Scores range from 3 (deep coma) to 15 (fully awake).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, in SDH it is critical to understand that:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a low GCS may result from <strong>mass effect and brain compression<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>but also from <strong>sedation, alcohol, drugs, shock, or hypoxia<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and from <strong>diffuse axonal injury (DAI)<\/strong>, which may not be visible on early CT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Therefore, GCS is considered a <strong>reliable prognostic indicator only after reversible causes of impaired consciousness have been corrected<\/strong> (<strong>sedation, alcohol, drugs, shock, or hypoxia<\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"clinical-assessment-deficits\"><strong>Neurological Examination (Pupils and Focal Deficits)<\/strong><br>The neurological exam focuses on signs of <strong>pressure and lateralization<\/strong>, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>pupil size and symmetry (anisocoria or unequal pupils may indicate herniation),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reaction of pupils to light,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>motor asymmetry (weakness on one side),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>abnormal posturing or loss of brainstem reflexes in severe cases (unusual, rigid body positions or a lack of automatic reactions like blinking and coughing)..<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In SDH, pupil changes often reflect <strong>acute mass effect<\/strong> and may require immediate surgical action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"diagnosis\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Diagnosis of Subdural Hematoma (Imaging Strategy)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"diagnosis-ct\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">CT Scan \u2014 The Gold Standard in SDH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Non-contrast brain CT is the <strong>first-line and most important diagnostic tool<\/strong> in suspected SDH. It is fast, widely available, and directly guides life-saving decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CT allows assessment of:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the presence, thickness, and extent of the subdural blood collection,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whether the hematoma appears acute or chronic based on its density,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>its compressive effect on the brain \u2014 including midline shift and signs of increased pressure (such as compressed basal cisterns),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>associated brain injuries (contusions, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral or intraventricular bleeding),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>skull fractures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In acute SDH, CT findings often determine <strong>whether urgent surgery is required<\/strong>, sometimes even before clinical deterioration occurs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"913\" height=\"676\" src=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CT-brain-trauma.jpg\" alt=\" Brain CT scans showing SDH and other types of traumatic lesions\" class=\"wp-image-5980\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CT-brain-trauma.jpg 913w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CT-brain-trauma-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CT-brain-trauma-768x569.jpg 768w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/CT-brain-trauma-16x12.jpg 16w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 913px) 100vw, 913px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Image: Brain CT scans showing SDH and other types of traumatic lesions<\/strong>. <strong>On a CT scan, blood usually appears white (hyperdensity).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"diagnosis-mri\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">MRI \u2014 Role in Selected SDH Cases<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MRI is <strong>not a first-line tool in acute unstable patients<\/strong>, but it plays an important role in selected situations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>prolonged coma unexplained by CT findings,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>suspicion of diffuse axonal injury (DAI),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>detection of ischemic lesions or microhemorrhages not visible on CT.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">MRI often explains why a patient does not awaken despite apparently adequate decompression of the SDH.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"diagnosis-followup\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Importance of Follow-Up Imaging in ICU Patients With SDH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In ICU-treated SDH patients, <strong>serial imaging is mandatory<\/strong>. Brain dynamics change rapidly in the first days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Repeat CT is commonly performed to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>detect expansion of residual SDH,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>identify new bleeding,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>monitor evolving contusions and edema,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>assess ventricular size and possible hydrocephalus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Any neurological deterioration, new pupil asymmetry, or unexplained rise in intracranial pressure warrants <strong>immediate repeat imaging<\/strong>, regardless of the timing of the last scan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"how-severe\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Severe Is This SDH? (GCS, Pupils, CT, Midline Shift)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Families often ask: \u201cIf the hematoma was removed, why isn\u2019t the patient waking up?\u201d<br>To understand severity, doctors combine <strong>clinical status<\/strong> and <strong>CT findings<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"how-severe-gcs\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Clinical severity (GCS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<\/strong> ranges from 3 to 15:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>13\u201315<\/strong>: mild injury (often awake; SDH may still be dangerous if it compresses the brain)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>9\u201312<\/strong>: moderate injury (sleepy, confused, slow responses)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>3\u20138<\/strong>: severe injury (coma; usually ICU and often ventilator)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important nuance in SDH:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A low GCS can be due to <strong>mass effect (pressure)<\/strong>, but also due to <strong>deep brain injury<\/strong> or <strong>sedation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prognosis depends on the <em>reason<\/em> for low responsiveness, not only the number.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"how-severe-pupils\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pupils and brainstem warning signs<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pupil findings can be critical:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>One pupil larger<\/strong> (anisocoria) can signal <strong>herniation risk<\/strong> from pressure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Abnormal brainstem reflexes raise concern for deep injury or critical swelling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In SDH, the <strong>overall pattern<\/strong> often predicts prognosis better than any single measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"surgery\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Is Surgery Needed for SDH?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Surgery is considered when SDH is <strong>compressive<\/strong> or is expected to become compressive quickly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Doctors typically operate when there is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Significant <strong>mass effect<\/strong> (pressure), especially with <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/mass-effect-midline-shift-brain-herniation-explained\/\">midline shift<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clinical deterioration (worsening consciousness, focal deficit, pupil changes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A large acute SDH even before deterioration if CT predicts high risk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failure of conservative monitoring (worsening CT or worsening exam)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some SDHs can be managed without surgery when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The collection is small, not compressive, and the patient is stable<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Serial exams and follow-up CT show no progression<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key concept for families: in SDH, timing is often lifesaving \u2014 surgery is sometimes done to <strong>prevent further brain injury from <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/mass-effect-midline-shift-brain-herniation-explained\/\">brain herniation<\/a><\/strong>, not only to \u201cmake the patient wake up immediately.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In real clinical practice, decisions about surgery are not always identical between neurosurgeons.<\/strong> The same CT scan may be interpreted slightly differently depending on experience, associated injuries, and the expected evolution of brain swelling. <strong>This does not mean that one decision is wrong<\/strong>, but that SDH management often involves time-critical judgment where more than one approach may be medically reasonable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"642\" height=\"604\" src=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Herniation.jpg\" alt=\"Brain Herniations \u2014 An extradural hematoma creates a mass effect, pushing parts of the brain into narrow spaces where they normally do not belong. In these tight areas, the pressure can compromise vital parts of the brain, including the brainstem, which controls breathing and consciousness. Among the different types of herniation, transtentorial (uncal) herniation is the most clinically significant pattern because it is the one most often associated with sudden deterioration.\" class=\"wp-image-8601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Herniation.jpg 642w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Herniation-300x282.jpg 300w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Herniation-13x12.jpg 13w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Image: Brain Herniations \u2014 An extradural hematoma creates a mass effect, pushing parts of the brain into narrow spaces where they normally do not belong. In these tight areas, the pressure can compromise vital parts of the brain, including the brainstem, which controls breathing and consciousness. Among the different types of herniation, transtentorial (uncal) herniation is the most clinically significant pattern because it is the one most often associated with sudden deterioration.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"surgery-options\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">SDH Surgery Options (Craniotomy vs Decompressive Surgery)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"surgery-options-craniotomy\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/craniotomy-explained\/\">Craniotomy <\/a>(most common for acute SDH)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A bone flap is opened, the clot is removed, bleeding is controlled, and the bone is usually replaced.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"surgery-options-dc\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Decompressive craniectomy (selected severe cases)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sometimes the bone flap is not replaced immediately because severe swelling is expected. This gives the brain room to expand outward instead of compressing the brainstem. The bone flap is stored in a bone bank or under the skin of the patient&#8217;s abdomen. Once the patient has stabilized, it is surgically reattached. A decompressive craniectomy may be performed in 15\u201330% of acute SDH surgeries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"surgery-options-icp-evd\" class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/intracranial-pressure-icp-explained\/\">ICP<\/a> monitor placement<\/strong>, and\/or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/external-ventricular-drain-evd-explained\/\"><strong>EVD<\/strong>&nbsp;(external ventricular drain)<\/a>&nbsp;in SDH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ICP monitoring and\/or placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) may be used to monitor and reduce intracranial pressure and to drain cerebrospinal fluid when indicated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typical indications include:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>severe traumatic brain  lesions with markedly impaired level of consciousness<\/strong><br>(Glasgow Coma Scale <strong>8 or lower<\/strong>),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>acute hydrocephalus caused by intraventricular blood<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>massive intraventricular hemorrhage with impaired or obstructed cerebrospinal fluid circulation<\/strong>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>the need for deep sedation<\/strong> and mechanical ventilation in patients with traumatic brain lesions on CT that demonstrate extensive mass effect or are at high risk of secondary intracranial pressure elevation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In clinical practice, the decision to place an ICP monitor or EVD is individualized. It is influenced by the patient\u2019s overall condition, the pattern and evolution of injury, the treating neurosurgeon\u2019s judgment, and the resources and protocols of the treating ICU.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>In a small number of highly specialized neurotrauma centers<\/strong>, additional monitoring techniques may be used alongside ICP measurement. These can include <strong>brain tissue oxygen monitoring<\/strong>, which measures oxygen levels in brain tissue near the injured area. This type of monitoring is <strong>not routine<\/strong>, is <strong>available only in selected centers<\/strong>, and is mainly used in complex cases to fine-tune intensive care management. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many severe SDH cases, surgery is not a single step but part of an ongoing treatment process that includes ICU monitoring, control of brain swelling, and prevention of secondary complications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"427\" height=\"272\" src=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Craniotomy.jpg\" alt=\"Surgical opening of the skull (craniotomy) for removal of hematoma\" class=\"wp-image-5982\" style=\"width:608px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Craniotomy.jpg 427w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Craniotomy-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Craniotomy-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Image: Surgical opening of the skull (craniotomy) for removal of hematoma<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"why-still-comatose\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Why Some Patients Don\u2019t Wake Up After SDH Surgery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the most common family question \u2014 and the answer is often <strong>not one single reason<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/sedation-vs-coma-simple-icu-explanation\/\">Sedation<\/a> and ventilator management can mimic coma<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A patient can look \u201ccomatose\u201d because medications suppress outward responses. This is especially common in the first 24\u201372 hours when the ICU team prioritizes stable breathing and ICP control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DAI is microscopic shearing of nerve fibers caused by rotational forces. These rotational forces typically occur in high-speed traffic accidents, falls from height, assaults, or any injury where the head is suddenly twisted rather than struck straight on. CT can look \u201cnot dramatic,\u201d yet coma can be prolonged. Brainstem involvement (severe DAI) is particularly important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3) Brain swelling and secondary ischemia<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even after the SDH clot is removed, edema can rise for days. Swelling can reduce blood flow and create secondary, stroke-like injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4) Residual compression, rebleeding, or expanding contusions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Early repeat CT is often done because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>residual SDH can remain,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a new bleed can occur,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>contusions can enlarge during the first 48\u201372 hours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5) <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/acute-hydrocephalus-explained\/\">Hydrocephalus<\/a> (less common in pure SDH, but possible)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Blood and swelling can disrupt CSF flow, especially when IVH or significant tSAH is present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6) Systemic problems that damage the brain secondarily<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hypoxia, hypotension, sepsis, severe metabolic imbalance, pulmonary embolism, or organ failure can worsen brain recovery even if surgery was technically perfect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A key message for families:<br><strong>Not waking up immediately does not automatically mean \u201csurgery failed.\u201d<\/strong> In SDH, early ICU physiology often determines what the brain can recover.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"icp\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">ICP and Brain Swelling After SDH (ICU Monitoring Explained Simply)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/intracranial-pressure-icp-explained\/\">ICP (intracranial pressure)<\/a><\/strong> is the pressure inside the skull. High ICP is dangerous because it compresses brain tissue and reduces blood flow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In SDH patients in ICU, the goals are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maintain oxygenation and blood pressure to protect brain perfusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Control swelling and avoid pressure spikes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Detect deterioration early (neuro exam + monitoring + repeat imaging)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Common measures include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Head positioning:<\/strong> The patient\u2019s head is elevated to promote venous drainage and reduce pressure within the skull.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sedation and analgesia:<\/strong> Sedation limits agitation, coughing, and blood pressure surges that can worsen ICP and increase the risk of postoperative bleeding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Osmotherapy (Mannitol\/Saline):<\/strong> Acting like a &#8222;chemical sponge,&#8220; these IV fluids draw excess water out of the swollen brain to reduce internal pressure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ventilation management:<\/strong> By precisely adjusting the ventilator (breathing machine), doctors can temporarily shrink the brain&#8217;s blood vessels to create more space during pressure emergencies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Seizure prevention:<\/strong> Antiepileptic medications are commonly administered during the first 7 days, as seizures are more frequent after SDH and can markedly increase intracranial pressure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If needed: <strong>ICP monitor<\/strong> and\/or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/external-ventricular-drain-evd-explained\/\">EVD<\/a><\/strong> (external ventricular drain)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If swelling is refractory: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/craniotomy-explained\/\">decompressive craniectomy<\/a><\/strong> may be considered<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Important note for families:<br>ICP treatment is not just \u201cnumbers.\u201d The ICU team balances ICP with blood pressure to maintain <strong>CPP (cerebral perfusion pressure)<\/strong> \u2014 the pressure that actually drives blood through the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"496\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ICP-1.jpg\" alt=\"External ventricular drain (EVD) with ICP monitor\" class=\"wp-image-8656\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ICP-1.jpg 496w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ICP-1-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ICP-1-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Image: External ventricular drain (EVD) with ICP monitor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"first-72h\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">What to Expect in the First 72 Hours After SDH Surgery (Day-by-Day ICU Pattern)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first 72 hours after acute SDH surgery are often the most unstable. This period is dominated by <strong>swelling dynamics<\/strong>, sedation effects, and systemic risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"first-72h-day1\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 0\u20131 (first 24 hours)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What families commonly see:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Patient often remains on a ventilator and deeply sedated<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neurological exam may be limited or intentionally suppressed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Repeat CT may be done early to confirm decompression and rule out rebleeding<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ICP may fluctuate; the ICU team focuses on stabilization, not \u201cwake-up tests\u201d every hour<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What matters most:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stable oxygenation and blood pressure<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No signs of herniation (pupils, CT, ICP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Early detection of any expanding contusion or residual mass effect<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"first-72h-day2\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 1\u20132 (24\u201348 hours)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the phase when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brain swelling can increase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contusions may enlarge<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sedation strategy may be adjusted (sometimes briefly lowered for assessment if safe)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What families might misinterpret:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Lack of eye opening or lack of command following can still be expected<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Motor responses can fluctuate because of sedation, fever, electrolytes, or swelling changes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"first-72h-day3\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Day 2\u20133 (48\u201372 hours)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is often the turning point:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If swelling stabilizes, the ICU team may begin gradual reduction of sedation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some patients show subtle improvements (more purposeful movement, better reflexes)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Others remain unresponsive due to DAI or ongoing edema \u2014 which can still evolve over days<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What matters most:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Trend over time: exam + ICP + imaging + systemic status<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prevention of complications (pneumonia, clots, sepsis), because these can ruin neurological recovery<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bottom line:<br>In severe SDH, early ICU changes are often <strong>slow and non-linear<\/strong>. Families should focus on <em>trends<\/em> and on whether the brain is protected from secondary injury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 12px; padding: 20px; margin-top: 40px; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1); background-color: #f9f9f9;\">\n  <h2 id=\"request-sdh-second-opinion\" style=\"margin-top: 0; color: #004466;\">\n    Request SDH Neurosurgery Consultation \u2014 24-Hour Review or Priority Option (Usually Within 3 Hours)\n  <\/h2>\n\n  <p>\n    When a loved one is hospitalized with a subdural hematoma (SDH), families often face confusing and frightening questions \u2014 especially when the patient remains unconscious or is not waking up after surgery. An independent second opinion helps you understand what the current findings mean in an SDH-specific context: CT results, midline shift, GCS, pupil changes, ICP trends, and the effects of sedation.\n    <br><br>\n    We also review whether the surgical and ICU treatment plan follows best neurocritical-care practices for SDH, identify possible contributing factors (brain swelling, DAI, systemic complications), and clarify what can realistically be expected in the first 72 hours and beyond.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <ul style=\"padding-left: 0; margin-bottom: 20px; list-style: none;\">\n    <li style=\"position: relative; padding-left: 28px; margin: 8px 0;\">\n      <span style=\"position:absolute; left:0; top:0;\">\u2714<\/span>\n      Send a short message describing the SDH situation and your main questions\n    <\/li>\n    <li style=\"position: relative; padding-left: 28px; margin: 8px 0;\">\n      <span style=\"position:absolute; left:0; top:0;\">\u2714<\/span>\n      You\u2019ll receive a reply within 24 hours if and how we can help \u2014 including the consultation cost and a suggested time\n    <\/li>\n    <li style=\"position: relative; padding-left: 28px; margin: 8px 0;\">\n      <span style=\"position:absolute; left:0; top:0;\">\u2714<\/span>\n      <strong>In cases of high urgency<\/strong>, we can usually arrange a consultation within a few hours.\n      <strong>If you need this, write PRIORITY in your initial messages.<\/strong>\n    <\/li>\n    <li style=\"position: relative; padding-left: 28px; margin: 8px 0;\">\n      <span style=\"position:absolute; left:0; top:0;\">\u2714<\/span>\n      If available, please send medical documentation (CT\/MRI images and hospital reports) after the initial reply\n    <\/li>\n    <li style=\"position: relative; padding-left: 28px; margin: 8px 0;\">\n      <span style=\"position:absolute; left:0; top:0;\">\u2714<\/span>\n      During the video consultation, we will clearly explain the SDH findings and answer all your questions\n    <\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n\n  <div style=\"margin-bottom: 15px;\">\n    <div style=\"font-weight: bold;\">\n      Consultation fees typically range from $180\u2013250, depending on the complexity of the SDH case.\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-weight: bold;\">\n      Secure payment by credit card, PayPal invoice (USD), or bank transfer.\n    <\/div>\n    <div style=\"font-size: 14px; color: #333; margin-top: 4px;\">\n      This is within the usual range for specialist telehealth second opinions in neurosurgery. Many families seek a second opinion in SDH cases to confirm treatment decisions, understand delayed awakening, and gain clarity during a highly uncertain ICU phase.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div style=\"display: flex; gap: 10px; flex-wrap: wrap;\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/wa.me\/381628534555\" style=\"background-color: #25D366; color: white; padding: 10px 16px; border-radius: 8px; text-decoration: none;\">\n      \ud83d\udcf1 WhatsApp Message\n    <\/a>\n    <a href=\"mailto:zkoja@yahoo.com\" style=\"background-color: #0073aa; color: white; padding: 10px 16px; border-radius: 8px; text-decoration: none;\">\n      \u2709 Email Us\n    <\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/m.me\/zeljko.kojadinovic.3\" style=\"background-color: #1877f2; color: white; padding: 10px 16px; border-radius: 8px; text-decoration: none;\">\n      \ud83d\udcac Messenger Chat\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"systemic-complications\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Preventing Systemic Complications in ICU (Pneumonia, Sepsis, Clots, GI Bleeding)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many late deteriorations in severe neurotrauma occur not from \u201cthe SDH itself,\u201d but from systemic complications that secondarily injure the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key risks include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Ventilator-associated pneumonia<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sepsis and multiorgan failure<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>GI bleeding<\/strong> (stress ulcers)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Electrolyte disturbances<\/strong>, glucose instability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pressure sores<\/strong>, constipation, urinary infections<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These complications directly worsen brain recovery by causing:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>hypoxia (low oxygen),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hypotension (low blood pressure),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>inflammation and metabolic stress.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Families often underestimate how central this is. In SDH ICU care, preventing systemic complications is a core neurological strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"prognosis-early\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Early Prognosis in Coma (What Matters Most in SDH)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prognosis in severe SDH is shaped by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>preoperative status (especially <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/gcs-glasgow-coma-scale-explained\/\">GCS <\/a>and pupils),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>CT pattern (midline shift, cisterns, edema, contusions),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>presence of DAI,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the patient\u2019s age and baseline brain reserve,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>and systemic complications in ICU.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"prognosis-early-stepwise\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Typical stepwise recovery pattern (when recovery happens)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In patients who improve from deep coma, recovery often follows stages:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>stabilization of basic brainstem and vital functions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>defensive limb movements (withdrawal)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>eye opening and sleep\u2013wake cycles (not always equal to awareness)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>purposeful movements, following commands<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>speech and higher cognitive recovery<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This process can take days to weeks (sometimes longer), and the pace varies greatly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A crucial nuance:<br>Eye opening alone can represent <strong>wakefulness without awareness<\/strong> (unresponsive wakefulness\/vegetative state). After sedation is withdrawn, most patients open their eyes within days to weeks (often around two weeks), but eye opening alone does not mean regained awareness and may represent wakefulness without awareness (unresponsive wakefulness\/vegetative state). Families need clear explanations of what is meaningful and what is not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the most severe cases, these injuries can lead to irreversible brainstem failure, which is the key clinical criterion used to diagnose brain death. A clear explanation of what brain death means and how it is clinically confirmed is provided&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/traumatic-brain-injuries-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis\/#brain-death\">here.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"prgnosis-longterm\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Recovery and Long-Term Prognosis After SDH<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What improves most in the first months<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many neurological gains (mobility, attention, speech) occur in the first 3\u20136 months, but improvement can continue longer with rehabilitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Long-term issues after severe SDH<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Depending on associated lesions and ICU course, patients may face:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cognitive and behavioral changes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>motor weakness, balance problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>post-traumatic epilepsy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>post-traumatic hydrocephalus (in selected cases)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mood disorders and fatigue<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>long-term dependency in daily activities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 id=\"levels-recovery\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Levels of recovery (simple framework)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Good recovery: independent life, possibly minor deficits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Moderate disability: independent at home, but reduced work capacity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Severe disability: needs daily assistance<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No meaningful awareness: wakefulness without awareness may persist in some severe cases<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite modern neurosurgical and ICU care, reported mortality for severe acute subdural hematoma (SDH) remains high, typically ranging from 30\u201360%, largely driven by the extent of associated brain injury, age, and early systemic complications. Across modern neurotrauma series, approximately 30\u201350% of survivors of severe acute SDH are left with moderate to severe long-term disability, while a smaller subset (roughly 10\u201320%) may remain permanently dependent or without meaningful awareness, depending on age, associated brain injury, and ICU course.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"olders\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">SDH in Older Adults and Patients on Blood Thinners<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This section matters because SDH is very common in older adults.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Key points:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Brain atrophy creates more \u201cspace,\u201d allowing veins to stretch and tear more easily<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Even minor falls can cause chronic SDH weeks later<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anticoagulants and antiplatelets can increase bleeding risk and recurrence risk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since very often these are caused by <strong>minor trauma<\/strong>, there are usually no associated brain injuries, and patients typically regain consciousness shortly after the incident. Often, the hematoma does not cause significant pressure and does not require immediate surgery. However, it must be monitored closely because it can develop into a <strong>chronic SDH<\/strong>, which can grow over time, put pressure on the brain, and eventually require surgery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"legal\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Medico-Legal Questions (When Families Seek a Second Opinion)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During SDH treatment, families often wonder:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Was surgery indicated and done at the right time?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Was the ICU plan complete (ICP strategy, repeat imaging,<a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/seizures-after-brain-injury\/\"> seizure <\/a>prevention, DVT prevention)?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Were systemic complications recognized early enough?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If these doubts remain unresolved, they can become long-term sources of distress and sometimes medicolegal disputes. <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/second-opinion-in-neurosurgery-trusted-insight\/\">An independent second opinion<\/a> can clarify whether the care followed standard neurocritical principles and whether any additional steps should be considered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"glossary\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Glossary \u2014 Key Terms (GCS, ICP, EVD, Midline Shift\u2026)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale):<\/strong> Scale from 3 to 15 that measures responsiveness (eyes, speech, movement).<br><strong>ICP (Intracranial Pressure):<\/strong> Pressure inside the skull; high ICP can cause secondary brain injury.<br><strong>CPP (Cerebral Perfusion Pressure):<\/strong> Pressure driving blood through the brain; depends on blood pressure and ICP.<br><strong>EVD (External Ventricular Drain):<\/strong> A tube placed into a brain ventricle to drain CSF and monitor ICP.<br><strong>ICP Monitor:<\/strong> A sensor placed to continuously measure ICP.<br><strong>Midline Shift:<\/strong> Displacement of brain structures due to pressure; larger shift usually means higher risk.<br><strong>Mass Effect:<\/strong> Pressure on brain tissue from blood or swelling.<br><strong>DAI (Diffuse Axonal Injury):<\/strong> Microscopic shearing injury; common cause of prolonged coma.<br><strong>Herniation:<\/strong> Life-threatening shift of brain tissue that compresses the brainstem.<br><strong>Sedation:<\/strong> Medications used to reduce agitation, pain, and ICP spikes; can mimic coma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more detailed explanations of these terms, visit our <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/neurosurgical-terms-patient-friendly-guides\/\"><strong>Neurosurgery Terms: Patient-Friendly Guides<\/strong> <\/a>page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"redflags\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Emergency Red Flags<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After head injury or during recovery, urgent in-person evaluation is needed if any of these occur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>sudden loss of consciousness or worsening responsiveness<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>repeated vomiting or rapidly worsening headache<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>one pupil larger than the other<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>new weakness, numbness, speech difficulty, or seizures<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>severe confusion, agitation, unusual behavior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>clear fluid leaking from nose\/ear (possible CSF leak)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<style>\n  .faq-accordion details {\n    background:#f8fbff;\n    border:1px solid #dbeafe;\n    border-radius:12px;\n    margin:0 0 12px 0;\n    padding:0;\n    box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(0,60,120,0.05);\n    overflow:hidden;\n  }\n\n  .faq-accordion summary {\n    cursor:pointer;\n    list-style:none;\n    display:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n    justify-content:space-between;\n    gap:14px;\n    padding:14px 16px;\n  }\n\n  .faq-accordion summary::-webkit-details-marker {\n    display:none;\n  }\n\n  .faq-accordion summary h3 {\n    display:inline;\n    font-size:1.05em;\n    font-weight:700;\n    margin:0;\n    color:#003366;\n    line-height:1.4;\n  }\n\n  .faq-accordion summary::after {\n    content:\"+\";\n    flex:0 0 auto;\n    width:26px;\n    height:26px;\n    border-radius:50%;\n    background:#e6f2ff;\n    color:#003366;\n    font-size:20px;\n    font-weight:700;\n    line-height:24px;\n    text-align:center;\n    border:1px solid #b9dcff;\n  }\n\n  .faq-accordion details[open] summary::after {\n    content:\"\u2212\";\n  }\n\n  .faq-accordion .answer {\n    padding:0 16px 16px 16px;\n    margin-top:0;\n    line-height:1.65;\n    color:#1f2937;\n  }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"faq-accordion\">\n\n  <h2 id=\"faq-sdh\" style=\"margin-top: 14px;\">Frequently Asked Questions About Subdural Hematoma (SDH)<\/h2>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What is a subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a collection of blood between the dura mater, the tough outer protective membrane of the brain, and the brain surface. It most often occurs after head trauma when bridging veins are torn by acceleration\u2013deceleration or rotational forces. The clinical danger is not only the blood collection itself, but the pressure it creates. A subdural hematoma can compress the brain, cause midline shift, raise intracranial pressure, and contribute to brainstem compression. In severe trauma, SDH is often accompanied by brain contusions, diffuse axonal injury, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, or swelling, which strongly influences prognosis.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What is the difference between acute and chronic subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Acute and chronic subdural hematoma differ mainly in timing, consistency of the blood, cause, treatment, and prognosis. Acute SDH develops within hours to days after head trauma and is usually clotted, dense on CT, and often associated with severe traumatic brain injury, brain swelling, contusions, or diffuse axonal injury. Chronic SDH develops slowly over weeks, often after minor or forgotten trauma, especially in older adults, people with brain atrophy, and patients taking anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. Chronic SDH is usually more liquefied and often treated with burr holes and drainage, while severe acute SDH may require urgent craniotomy or decompressive surgery.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">How serious is a subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      A subdural hematoma can range from a small, stable finding to a life-threatening brain injury. Seriousness depends on hematoma thickness, midline shift, brain compression, Glasgow Coma Scale, pupil findings, age, use of blood thinners, and associated injuries such as brain contusions, diffuse axonal injury, traumatic SAH, intraventricular hemorrhage, or diffuse swelling. A small SDH in an awake, stable patient may be monitored with repeat CT scans. A large acute SDH with worsening consciousness, pupil changes, or significant mass effect may require emergency surgery. In severe SDH, prognosis is often determined by the whole traumatic brain injury pattern, not only by the subdural clot.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Why is my family member not waking up after SDH surgery?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Not waking up after SDH surgery is common in severe subdural hematoma and does not automatically mean that surgery failed. Surgery removes pressure from the clot, but it cannot immediately reverse diffuse axonal injury, brain swelling, contusions, secondary ischemia, hypoxia, seizures, hydrocephalus, or systemic ICU complications. Sedation and ventilator management can also make a patient look deeply unconscious during the first 24\u201372 hours. The key question is whether the patient is not waking because of reversible factors, such as sedation or metabolic problems, or because of deeper traumatic brain injury. CT, MRI, pupil response, ICP trends, and neurological examination over time are needed to interpret this correctly.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">How long can it take to wake up after subdural hematoma surgery?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Awakening after subdural hematoma surgery can take hours, days, or sometimes weeks, depending on the severity of the injury. In a more isolated SDH, especially when surgery is performed before major secondary injury, improvement may begin relatively early. In severe SDH with brain swelling, diffuse axonal injury, contusions, hypoxia, seizures, or prolonged sedation, recovery is slower and often non-linear. During the first 48\u201372 hours, ICU teams may prioritize brain protection, ventilation, blood pressure control, and ICP management rather than repeated wake-up testing. A more reliable prognosis usually comes from trends: repeated exams, imaging, sedation reduction, ICP behavior, and whether purposeful responses begin to appear.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What does midline shift mean in subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Midline shift in subdural hematoma means that pressure from the hematoma, brain swelling, or both has pushed central brain structures away from their normal position. On CT, doctors measure how far the brain has shifted from the midline. A larger midline shift usually means more mass effect and a higher risk of brain herniation, especially when the basal cisterns are compressed or the patient\u2019s neurological status is worsening. Midline shift is not interpreted alone. Neurosurgeons combine it with hematoma thickness, GCS, pupil findings, age, anticoagulant use, associated contusions, swelling, and clinical trajectory to decide whether urgent surgery or close monitoring is safer.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">When is surgery required for subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Surgery for subdural hematoma is required when the SDH causes significant brain compression or is likely to become dangerous soon. Typical reasons include worsening consciousness, new weakness, pupil asymmetry, seizures, significant hematoma thickness, midline shift, compressed basal cisterns, or CT findings suggesting a high risk of herniation. Surgery may also be needed when conservative monitoring fails and repeat CT shows expansion or increasing pressure. Some small SDHs can be treated without surgery if the patient is stable and repeat imaging is available. In acute SDH, timing is often lifesaving because the goal is to prevent secondary brain injury before irreversible brainstem compression occurs.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What types of surgery are used to treat SDH?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      The type of SDH surgery depends on whether the hematoma is acute, chronic, clotted, liquefied, compressive, or associated with severe brain swelling. Acute subdural hematoma is usually treated with craniotomy, where a bone flap is opened, the clot is removed, and bleeding is controlled. In selected severe cases, decompressive craniectomy is performed, meaning the bone flap is left off temporarily because swelling is expected or intracranial pressure remains dangerous. Chronic subdural hematoma is often treated with burr holes and drainage because the collection is usually more liquefied. Treatment choice depends on CT findings, neurological status, age, anticoagulants, swelling, and recurrence risk.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Can a subdural hematoma (SDH) come back after surgery?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Yes, a subdural hematoma can come back after surgery, but the risk depends strongly on the type of SDH. Recurrence is more common in chronic subdural hematoma than in acute traumatic SDH because chronic collections can have membranes, fragile vessels, persistent fluid production, and incomplete brain re-expansion after drainage. Risk is higher in older adults, patients with brain atrophy, anticoagulant or antiplatelet use, bilateral collections, residual cavity, or ongoing bleeding tendency. Recurrence may require repeat drainage, medication adjustment, or in selected chronic SDH cases, middle meningeal artery embolization. In acute SDH, postoperative rebleeding is possible but is usually evaluated in the broader context of severe trauma and ICU course.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">How do blood thinners affect subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Blood thinners can increase the risk that a subdural hematoma forms, expands, or recurs after treatment. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs may make bleeding larger after even minor trauma, especially in older adults with brain atrophy. In acute SDH, doctors often urgently reverse anticoagulation when possible, because ongoing bleeding can worsen brain compression and surgical risk. After stabilization, restarting blood thinners requires an individualized risk\u2013benefit decision: the risk of recurrent SDH must be balanced against the risk of stroke, heart valve thrombosis, atrial fibrillation complications, pulmonary embolism, or other reasons the medication was prescribed. This decision should not be based only on the CT image, but on the whole medical situation.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What is ICP and why is it important in SDH?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      ICP means intracranial pressure, the pressure inside the skull. In SDH, pressure can rise because of the subdural clot, brain swelling, contusions, impaired venous drainage, hydrocephalus, or secondary injury. High ICP is dangerous because the skull is a closed space: as pressure increases, blood flow to the brain can fall, causing additional ischemic injury. ICU treatment aims not only to lower ICP, but to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure, meaning enough blood flow through the injured brain. This is why oxygenation, blood pressure, sedation, ventilation, osmotherapy, seizure control, repeat CT, ICP monitoring, and EVD decisions are all connected in severe SDH care.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Why is an ICP monitor or EVD used in severe SDH?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      An ICP monitor or external ventricular drain (EVD) may be used in severe SDH when doctors need continuous information about pressure inside the skull or a way to drain cerebrospinal fluid. An ICP monitor measures pressure trends and helps guide sedation, ventilation, osmotherapy, blood pressure targets, and decisions about further imaging or surgery. An EVD can measure ICP and also drain cerebrospinal fluid when hydrocephalus, intraventricular blood, or dangerous pressure elevation is present. These devices are not needed in every SDH. They are considered when GCS is low, swelling is significant, CT shows high-risk features, the patient is ventilated and sedated, or the neurological exam cannot be followed reliably.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Is it normal for neurological signs to fluctuate after SDH?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Yes, neurological signs can fluctuate after SDH, especially during the first days in ICU. Fluctuation may occur because of sedation changes, pain medication, fever, seizures, electrolyte disturbances, blood pressure changes, infection, evolving brain swelling, contusion expansion, ICP variability, or systemic complications such as pneumonia or sepsis. Some changes are expected and reversible, while others may signal deterioration and require urgent repeat CT or treatment adjustment. Families should not interpret every small movement or every quiet period as a final prognosis. What matters most is the trend over time: pupil response, purposeful movement, command following, imaging stability, ICP control, and reduction of sedation when medically safe.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Does eye opening mean recovery after SDH?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Eye opening after SDH is encouraging, but it does not always mean meaningful recovery. Eye opening can reflect wakefulness without awareness, especially after severe traumatic brain injury. True neurological recovery requires more than open eyes: purposeful movement, tracking, following commands, meaningful interaction, speech, and consistent responses over time are more important. Sedation withdrawal, sleep\u2013wake cycles, brainstem reflexes, and fluctuating ICU physiology can all affect interpretation. Some patients open their eyes before they can understand or respond. Families should ask doctors whether eye opening is reflexive, spontaneous, purposeful, or accompanied by signs of awareness. This distinction is especially important after severe SDH with DAI or prolonged coma.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What complications are common in ICU after subdural hematoma?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      ICU complications after subdural hematoma can strongly influence recovery, sometimes as much as the brain injury itself. Common complications include pneumonia, sepsis, seizures, electrolyte disturbances, fever, blood pressure instability, blood clots, pulmonary embolism, gastrointestinal bleeding, wound infection, pressure sores, urinary infections, and metabolic problems. These complications can worsen the brain by causing hypoxia, hypotension, inflammation, fever, or reduced cerebral perfusion. In severe SDH, ICU care is therefore not only supportive care; it is brain-protective care. Preventing secondary injury requires good oxygenation, stable blood pressure, seizure prevention, infection control, nutrition, DVT prevention, repeat imaging, and careful sedation management.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">What is the prognosis after a subdural hematoma (SDH)?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Prognosis after SDH depends on the whole injury pattern, not only on the presence of a subdural clot. Important factors include age, preoperative Glasgow Coma Scale, pupil findings, hematoma thickness, midline shift, basal cistern compression, timing of surgery, associated brain contusions, diffuse axonal injury, traumatic SAH, swelling, hypoxia, hypotension, seizures, and ICU complications. A small or chronic SDH in a stable patient may have a good prognosis. Severe acute SDH with coma, abnormal pupils, diffuse swelling, or DAI has a much more guarded prognosis. Recovery may range from full independence to long-term disability or lack of meaningful awareness in the most severe cases.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">How long does recovery after SDH usually take?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Recovery after SDH varies widely. After a mild or chronic SDH, improvement may occur over days to weeks after drainage or observation. After severe acute SDH, recovery may take months and often depends on associated brain injury, ICU complications, and rehabilitation. Many neurological gains occur during the first 3\u20136 months, but improvement can continue for a year or longer, especially in mobility, speech, attention, endurance, and daily function. Recovery is rarely a straight line. Fatigue, headaches, cognitive slowing, mood changes, seizures, balance problems, or weakness may persist. The expected timeline should be individualized using CT\/MRI findings, neurological examination, age, baseline function, and early recovery trajectory.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Is rehabilitation important after subdural hematoma?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Rehabilitation is often important after subdural hematoma, especially when weakness, balance problems, speech difficulty, swallowing problems, cognitive changes, fatigue, or reduced independence persist. In mild or isolated cases, rehabilitation may involve gradual return to activity, fall prevention, and monitoring for recurrent symptoms. In severe SDH, rehabilitation may require a multidisciplinary team including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, neuropsychology, nursing, and medical rehabilitation. The goal is not only survival, but meaningful function: mobility, communication, cognition, self-care, and safe return to daily life. Rehabilitation needs depend on the actual deficits and associated brain injuries, not only on the word \u201csubdural hematoma.\u201d\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">When should families seek an urgent second opinion for SDH?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Families often seek an urgent second opinion for SDH when the patient is not waking as expected, surgery is being proposed or delayed, CT findings are difficult to understand, the neurological status worsens, pupils change, ICP remains high, or explanations from the treating team feel unclear or inconsistent. A second opinion can help clarify whether the SDH is isolated or part of a more complex traumatic brain injury, whether surgery or ICU strategy appears appropriate, what delayed awakening may mean, and what the first 72 hours realistically suggest. It is especially useful when families must make decisions quickly while under emotional stress and without a clear understanding of the CT or ICU plan.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n  <details>\n    <summary style=\"cursor:pointer;list-style:none;\"><h3 style=\"display:inline;font-size:1.05em;font-weight:700;margin:0;color:#003366;\">Can we get a telehealth neurosurgery second opinion for SDH, including priority review?<\/h3><\/summary>\n    <div class=\"answer\">\n      Yes. A telehealth neurosurgery second opinion can help families understand a specific SDH case by reviewing CT or MRI findings, hematoma size and location, midline shift, GCS, pupil response, surgery type, sedation level, ICU course, ICP trends, associated injuries, and early prognosis. The goal is not to replace the treating emergency or ICU team, but to explain what the findings mean and whether the current strategy appears reasonable. In urgent SDH cases, priority review may help families clarify surgery, delayed awakening, prognosis, or the first 72 hours after treatment. <a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/second-opinion-in-neurosurgery-trusted-insight\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color:#005c99; text-decoration:underline;\">Learn more about our neurosurgery second opinion<\/a>.\n    <\/div>\n  <\/details>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 id=\"additional\" class=\"wp-block-heading\">Additional resources on neurotrauma<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Traumatic_brain_injury\">Traumatic Brain Injury \u2014 TBI<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jeccm.amegroups.org\/article\/view\/3849\/html\">Surgical treatment of brain injuries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC1028178\/\">Consequences of brain injuries<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<nav aria-label=\"Pages in this hub\" class=\"hub-mini\"\n     style=\"background:#f4faff;border:1px solid #cce5ff;border-radius:8px;\n            padding:9px 11px;margin:14px 0;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.5;\">\n  <div style=\"font-weight:700;color:#005c99;margin:0 0 6px 0;font-size:14px;\">\n    Pages in this Hub\n  <\/div>\n\n  <ul style=\"list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px 18px;\">\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/traumatic-brain-injuries-diagnosis-treatment-prognosis\/\">Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) \u2014 Hub<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/concussion\/\">Concussion<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/epidural-hematoma-treatment-icu-prognosis\/\">Epidural hematoma (EDH)<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/subdural-hematoma-treatment-icu-prognosis\/\">Subdural hematoma (SDH)<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/chronic-subdural-hematoma-symptoms-and-treatment\/\">Chronic subdural hematoma<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/brain-contusions-treatment-icu-prognosis\/\">Brain contusions<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/diffuse-axonal-injury-dai-icu-care-diagnosis-prognosis\/\">Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/tsah-traumatic-subarachnoid-hemorrhage\/\">Traumatic SAH<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/skull-fractures-clear-practical-explanation\/\">Skull fractures<\/a><\/li>\n    <li><a href=\"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/gunshot-and-shrapnel-head-injuries\/\">Gunshot &amp; shrapnel injuries<\/a><\/li>\n  <\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var here = location.pathname.replace(\/\\\/+$\/,'') + '\/';\n  document.querySelectorAll('nav.hub-mini a').forEach(function(a){\n    var ap = a.pathname.replace(\/\\\/+$\/,'') + '\/';\n    if (ap === here){\n      var span = document.createElement('span');\n      span.textContent = a.textContent;\n      span.setAttribute('aria-current','page');\n      span.style.fontWeight = '700';\n      span.style.color = '#005c99';\n      span.style.textDecoration = 'none';\n      a.replaceWith(span);\n    }\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Author: Dr. Zeljko Kojadinovic, MD, PhD \u2014 Neurosurgeon and Pain Management Specialist Specialized Experience: 30 years of clinical expertise in neurosurgery and neurocritical care. Last medically reviewed: June 06, 2026 Who This SDH Page Is For This SDH (subdural hematoma) resource is designed for two groups: family members of patients with acute subdural hematoma in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_seopress_titles_title":"Subdural Hematoma (SDH): ICU Care, Surgery & Prognosis","_seopress_titles_desc":"Family-focused SDH guide: CT findings, ICU\/ICP care, surgery, first 72 hours, prognosis \u2014 with telehealth neurosurgery second opinion and priority review option","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"both","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":301,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8774","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8774","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8774"}],"version-history":[{"count":82,"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8774\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14598,"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8774\/revisions\/14598"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/neurohirurgija.in.rs\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8774"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}